[Food groups for the investigation of risk of type 2 diabetes and associated diseases]. / Grupos de alimentos para investigação de risco para diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas.

INTRODUCTION: The food groups conventionally applied in activities of nutritional counseling were established according to their macronutrient content. However, it does not consider recent scientific evidences of the association between food consumption and risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To propose food groups for the investigation of the association between food consumption and risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated diseases among Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a lifestyle intervention study conducted among Japanese-Brazilians of Bauru, SP, Brazil, from 2005 to 2007. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls of 640 participants, both genders, aged 30 to 88 years old. RESULTS: Eighteen new food groups were proposed according to their quantity and quality of fat, carbohydrates, sodium, and fiber. CONCLUSION: The new food groups incorporate recent evidences of the association between diet and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Grupos de alimentos para investigação de risco para diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas / Food Groups for the investigation of risk of type 2 diabetes and associated diseases

INTRODUÇÃO: Os grupos de alimentos convencionalmente empregados em atividades de orientação nutricional foram estabelecidos de acordo com o seu teor de macronutrientes. Entretanto, não contemplam as evidências científicas recentes da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. OBJETIVO: Elaborar uma proposta de agrupamento de alimentos para a investigação da associação entre consumo alimentar e risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 e doenças associadas, em Nipo-Brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Análise transversal dos dados da linha de base de um estudo de intervenção no estilo de vida conduzido entre Nipo-Brasileiros de Bauru, SP, entre 2005 e 2007. A avaliação do consumo alimentar deu-se por meio da análise de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas em 640 indivíduos, ambos os sexos, idade entre 30 e 88 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram propostos 18 novos grupos de alimentos considerando-se o teor e qualidade das gorduras e carboidratos, sódio e fibras CONCLUSÃO: Os novos grupos de alimentos incorporam evidências recentes da associação entre dieta e desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: The food groups conventionally applied in activities of nutritional counseling were established according to their macronutrient content. However, it does not consider recent scientific evidences of the association between food consumption and risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To propose food groups for the investigation of the association between food consumption and risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated diseases among Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a lifestyle intervention study conducted among Japanese-Brazilians of Bauru, SP, Brazil, from 2005 to 2007. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls of 640 participants, both genders, aged 30 to 88 years old. RESULTS: Eighteen new food groups were proposed according to their quantity and quality of fat, carbohydrates, sodium, and fiber. CONCLUSION: The new food groups incorporate recent evidences of the association between diet and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Nutritional intervention programme among a Japanese-Brazilian community: procedures and results according to gender.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of a nutritional intervention programme among Japanese-Brazilians according to gender. DESIGN: A non-controlled experimental study. SETTING: The research included three points of clinical, nutritional and physical activity evaluation: at baseline (in 2005), after the first year and at the end of the second year (in 2007). The paired Student t test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate changes in the subjects' profile (clinical, nutritional and physical activity variables). SUBJECTS: Japanese-Brazilians (n 575) of both genders, aged over 30 years. RESULTS: We verified statistically significant reductions in body weight (0.9 kg), waist circumference (2.9 cm), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (>3 mg/dl) and total cholesterol (>20 mg/dl) and its fractions, in both genders. We also found reductions in intake of energy (among men), protein (among women) and fat (both genders) and increases in intake of total fibre (among women) and carbohydrate (among men). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention programme indicated meaningful benefits for the intervention subjects, with changes in their habits that led to a 'healthier' lifestyle positively impacting their nutritional and metabolic profile.

Fatores associados ao consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes em Nipo-Brasileiros / Factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake in Japanese-Brazilians

A identificação de fatores associados ao consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes constitui-se em ferramenta chave na elaboração de programas de intervenção mais eficazes, visando o aumento no consumo desses alimentos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar, em análise transversal, fatores associados ao consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes (> 400g/dia) em 581 nipo-brasileiros adultos, de 1ª e 2ª gerações, residentes em Bauru, SP, Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. Em modelos de regressão logística ajustados, verificou-se que o relato de um maior número de refeições diárias estava associado à maior chance [OR (IC 95 por cento)]: [1,31 (1,05; 1,63)] de consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes. Por outro lado, indivíduos no terceiro tercil de consumo de ácidos graxos saturados apresentaram menor chance de consumo adequado destes alimentos [0,35 (0,21; 0,60)]. Verificou-se maior tendência de consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes entre indivíduos de maior idade. Os resultados sugerem que programas de intervenção mais intensivos são necessários entre indivíduos jovens e com consumo elevados de ácidos graxos saturados. Além disso, o estímulo ao maior fracionamento da dieta poderá favorecer a adesão às metas de consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes.

Blood pressure and cardiorenal responses to antihypertensive therapy in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Blood pressure (BP) and target organ responses to antihypertensive drugs are not well established in hypertensive obese patients. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of obesity and adiposity distribution patterns on these responses. METHODS: 49 hypertensive obese women were designated to different groups according to waist to hip ratio measurements--37 with troncular and 12 with peripheral obesity. Patients were treated for 24-weeks on a stepwise regimen with cilazapril alone or a cilazapril/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine combination therapy to achieve a BP lower than 140/90 mmHg. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography, and albuminuria were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After 24 weeks, weight loss was less than 2% in both groups. ABPM targets were achieved in 81.5% of patients upon a combination of 2(26.5%) or 3(55.1%) drugs. Similar reductions in daytime-SBP/DBP: -22.5/-14.1(troncular obesity)/-23.6/-14.9 mmHg (peripheral obesity) were obtained. Decrease in nocturnal-SBP was greater in troncular obesity patients. Upon BP control, microalbuminuria was markedly decreased, while only slight decrease in left ventricular mass was observed for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of weight loss, most patients required combined antihypertensive therapy to control their BP, regardless of their body fat distribution pattern. Optimal target BP and normal albuminuria were achieved in the group as a whole and in both obese patient groups, while benefits to cardiac structure were of a smaller magnitude.

Blood pressure and cardiorenal responses to antihypertensive therapy in obese women

OBJECTIVE: Blood pressure(BP) and target organ responses to antihypertensive drugs are not well established in hypertensive obese patients. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of obesity and adiposity distribution patterns on these responses. METHODS: 49 hypertensive obese women were designated to different groups according to waist to hip ratio measurements - 37 with troncular and 12 with peripheral obesity. Patients were treated for 24-weeks on a stepwise regimen with cilazapril alone or a cilazapril/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine combination therapy to achieve a BP lower than 140/90mmHg. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography, and albuminuria were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After 24 weeks, weight loss was less than 2 percent in both groups. ABPM targets were achieved in 81.5 percent of patients upon a combination of 2(26.5 percent) or 3(55.1 percent) drugs. Similar reductions in daytime-SBP/DBP: -22.5/-14.1(troncular obesity) / -23.6/-14.9mmHg (peripheral obesity) were obtained. Decrease in nocturnal-SBP was greater in troncular obesity patients. Upon BP control, microalbuminuria was markedly decreased, while only slight decrease in left ventricular mass was observed for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of weight loss, most patients required combined antihypertensive therapy to control their BP, regardless of their body fat distribution pattern. Optimal target BP and normal albuminuria were achieved in the group as a whole and in both obese patient groups, while benefits to cardiac structure were of a smaller magnitude.

As respostas pressórica e de órgãos-alvo mediante o tratamento anti-hipertensivo medicamentoso, não estão bem estabelecidas em pacientes obesos hipertensos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar as repercussões da obesidade e da distribuição de gordura corporal sobre estas respostas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 49 mulheres obesas hipertensas, separadas em subgrupos com distribuição troncular (n = 37) e periférica (n = 12) de gordura, de acordo com a distribuição cintura/quadril. As pacientes foram tratadas por 24 semanas com um regime anti-hipertensivo escalonado, iniciando-se com cilazapril e adicionando-se na seqüência, hidroclortiazida e amlodipina, com alvo pressórico inferior a 140 x 90 mmHg. Foram realizados MAPA, ecocardiograma e microalbuminuria antes e após o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Depois de 24 semanas observou-se perda de peso inferior a 2 por cento em ambos os subgrupos. O controle pressórico à MAPA pode ser observado em 81,5 por cento das pacientes mediante a combinação de duas (26,5 por cento) ou três (55,1 por cento) drogas. Foram obtidas reduções similares nas medidas de PAS/PAD diurnas: -22,5/-14,1(obesas tronculares)/-23,6/-14,9 mmHg (obesas periféricas), enquanto se observou nas obesas tronculares redução maior na PAS noturna. Mediante o controle pressórico, houve redução acentuada da microalbuminúria nos dois subgrupos. Por outro lado, observou-se em ambos, apenas discreta redução na massa ventricular. CONCLUSÕES: Na ausência de perda significativa de peso, e independentemente da distribuição de gordura corporal, a maioria das pacientes obesas necessitou terapia anti-hipertensiva combinada a fim de obter controle pressórico. Em ambos os subgrupos foram alcançados níveis adequados de pressão arterial e redução satisfatória da microalbuminúria, ao passo que os benefícios para a regressão estrutural cardíaca foram menores.

All-cause mortality among Japanese-Brazilians according to nutritional characteristics

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a existência de associações entre variáveis nutricionais e a mortalidade em uma coorte de nipo-brasileiros. Em 1993, 647 indivíduos foram entrevistados (questionário de freqüên- cia alimentar), submetidos ao exame físico (peso, altura, pressão arterial) e a exames bioquímicos (teste de tolerância oral à glicose). O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar valores médios das variáveis de interesse entre vivos e mortos. Obtiveram-se as taxas de mortalidade e razões entre esses coeficientes (brutas e ajustadas) segundo variáveis nutricionais. Observou-se taxa de mortalidade geral de 21,4 e 11,7/mil pessoas-ano para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Entre os indivíduos que morreram, encontrou-se maior porcentagem de sujeitos diabéticos, sedentários e hipertensos. Após ajuste às variáveis de controle, observou-se maior mortalidade entre os com menor consumo de glícides e colesterol. Conclui-se que os fatores de risco clássicos para mortalidade, como idade, doenças crônicas, sedentarismo, tabagismo e dieta, devem estar atuantes também na população nipo-brasileira.

The aim of this study was to verify the association between nutritional variables and mortality in a Japanese-Brazilian cohort. In 1993, 647 subjects were interviewed with food frequency questionnaires and scheduled for physical procedures (weight, height, blood pressure) and biochemical tests (oral glucose tolerance test). Student's t test was used to compare the mean values of target variables between living and deceased subjects. Mortality rate and hazard ratios were obtained (crude and adjusted) according to the nutritional variables. Overall mortality rates were 21.4 and 11.7/1,000 person-years for males and females, respectively. Smoking, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, higher mean age, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and higher percent weight gain and rate of weight gain were observed in the history of deceased subjects. After adjusting for control variables, an increase was observed in mortality among individuals with lower carbohydrate and cholesterol intake. The results suggest that mortality risk factors like age, chronic diseases, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and inadequate diet must also be acting in the Japanese-Brazilian population.

All-cause mortality among Japanese-Brazilians according to nutritional characteristics.

The aim of this study was to verify the association between nutritional variables and mortality in a Japanese-Brazilian cohort. In 1993, 647 subjects were interviewed with food frequency questionnaires and scheduled for physical procedures (weight, height, blood pressure) and biochemical tests (oral glucose tolerance test). Student's t test was used to compare the mean values of target variables between living and deceased subjects. Mortality rate and hazard ratios were obtained (crude and adjusted) according to the nutritional variables. Overall mortality rates were 21.4 and 11.7/1,000 person-years for males and females, respectively. Smoking, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, higher mean age, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and higher percent weight gain and rate of weight gain were observed in the history of deceased subjects. After adjusting for control variables, an increase was observed in mortality among individuals with lower carbohydrate and cholesterol intake. The results suggest that mortality risk factors like age, chronic diseases, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and inadequate diet must also be acting in the Japanese-Brazilian population.

Which body mass index is best associated with risk of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in a Japanese-Brazilian population? / Que valor de índice de massa corporal melhor se associa a risco de diabetes mellitus e hipertensão em nipo-brasileiros?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different body mass index (BMI) ranges associated with the risk of diabetes and hypertension in Japanese-Brazilians. This cross-sectional study was based on data from 1,330 Japanese-Brazilians > 30 years of age who participated in a population-based survey on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated diseases. Glucose tolerance status was classified according to WHO criteria and blood pressure levels according to the VI-JNC. Odds ratios for diabetes and hypertension were calculated for different BMI ranges; for different BMIs, sensitivity and specificity for percentiles 25, 50, 75, 90 and 95 were obtained. Increased odds ratios for diabetes mellitus and hypertension were observed with BMI values > 25kg/m². The 50th percentile corresponded to the highest sensitivity and specificity for the identification of risk for both diseases. Our results suggest that BMI values proposed by WHO should also be useful for this group of Japanese descendants in the assessment of risk for DM and hypertension.

Avaliou-se o impacto de diferentes valores de índice de massa corporal (IMC) associados ao risco de diabetes e hipertensão em descendentes japoneses. Este estudo transversal foi realizado com 1.330 nipo-brasileiros > 30 anos, participantes de pesquisa populacional sobre prevalência de diabetes mellitus e doenças associadas. Para classificação da tolerância à glicose utilizou-se o critério da OMS e dos níveis pressóricos o do JNC-VI. Para diferentes faixas de IMC foram estimados os odds ratios para diabetes e hipertensão e obtidos os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade referentes aos percentis 25, 50, 75, 90 e 95. Observou-se que o aumento dos valores de odds ratio para o diabetes e hipertensão foi a partir do IMC > 25kg/m², sendo que o percentil 50 apresentou os melhores valores de sensibilidade e especificidade para ambas as doenças. Apesar dos nipo-brasileiros apresentarem estrutura corporal diferente dos caucasianos, os resultados sugerem que os valores de IMC preconizados pela OMS podem ser aplicáveis também a este grupo de descendentes japoneses em estudos de associação de diabetes e hipertensão.

Which body mass index is best associated with risk of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in a Japanese-Brazilian population?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different body mass index (BMI) ranges associated with the risk of diabetes and hypertension in Japanese-Brazilians. This cross-sectional study was based on data from 1,330 Japanese-Brazilians > 30 years of age who participated in a population-based survey on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated diseases. Glucose tolerance status was classified according to WHO criteria and blood pressure levels according to the VI-JNC. Odds ratios for diabetes and hypertension were calculated for different BMI ranges; for different BMIs, sensitivity and specificity for percentiles 25, 50, 75, 90 and 95 were obtained. Increased odds ratios for diabetes mellitus and hypertension were observed with BMI values > 25 kg/m(2). The 50th percentile corresponded to the highest sensitivity and specificity for the identification of risk for both diseases. Our results suggest that BMI values proposed by WHO should also be useful for this group of Japanese descendants in the assessment of risk for DM and hypertension.

Should body mass index be adjusted for relative sitting height in cross-sectional studies of chronic diseases in Japanese-Brazilians?

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o grau de concordância entre as classificações do estado nutricional segundo os valores do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o IMC corrigido (IMCc). Utilizou-se dados de estudo transversal realizado entre nipo-brasileiros. Na análise estatística dos dados foram obtidas as prevalências de doenças crônicas, a estatística kappa e o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson. Observou-se que 5,9% dos nipo-brasileiros foram discordantes quanto às classificações pelo IMC e IMCc. O valor da estatística kappa ponderado (0,94; p = 0,000) indicou boa concordância entre as classificações. Prevalências semelhantes de doenças crônicas foram obtidas para os indivíduos com excesso de peso classificados segundo estes dois índices. Valores semelhantes para os coeficientes de correlação linear de Pearson foram obtidos entre esses índices e as medidas de circunferência de cintura e as medidas de gordura corporal. Estes resultados sugerem que, provavelmente, a correção do IMC pelo comprimento relativo do tronco seja desnecessária para esses indivíduos.

Should body mass index be adjusted for relative sitting height in cross-sectional studies of chronic diseases in Japanese-Brazilians?

The current article aimed to verify the degree of agreement in classification of nutritional status according to body mass index (BMI) and corrected body mass index (BMIc). Data were used from a cross-sectional study of Japanese-Brazilians. Statistical analysis provided prevalence rates for chronic diseases, kappa statistic, and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient. Some 5.9% of Japanese-Brazilians were discordant according to the BMI and BMIc classifications. The weighted kappa statistic (0.94; p = 0.000) indicated good agreement between the classifications. Similar prevalence rates for chronic diseases were obtained for individuals with excess weight classified by these two indices. Similar Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were obtained for these indices and waist circumference and body fat measurements. The results suggest that BMI correction for relative sitting height is probably unnecessary for these individuals.

Efeitos do captopril sobre a excreçäo urinária de albumina e sobre a hemodinâmica renal em pacientes diabéticos do tipo I portadores de nefropatia diabética / Effects of captopril on albumin urinary excretion and on renal hemodynamic in diabetic patients type I with diabetic nephropathy

Em diabéticos hipertensos com nefropatia diabética, a administraçao de hidroclortiazida (HDMH,n = 6) ou captopril (HDMC,n = 5) por 12 semanas provocou reduçoes na albuminúria (Ualb) que se correlacionaram com as reduçoes nos níveis da pressao arterial (PA) no HDMH, mas nao no HDMC. No HDMH, houve queda no fluxo plasmático renal (FPR) (p < O,O5) e no ritmo de filtraçao glomerular (RFG) (p < O,01), enquanto a fraçao de filtraçao (FF) permaneceu inalterada. No grupo HDMC, alteraçoes na hemodinâmica renal nao foram observadas. Em diabéticos normotensos com microalbuminúria, a administraçao de captopril (NDMC,n = 7) ou placebo (NDMP,n = 5) por 20 semanas nao alterou a PA ou a Ualb, embora no NDMC as taxas da Ualb se mantivessem sempre abaixo dos valores basais, o que nao ocorreu no NDMP. Os valores do FPR, RFG e FF nao se alteraram nos dois grupos. Assim, demonstramos um efeito antiproteinúrico do captopril, que, ao contrário do observado com hidroclortiazida, nao parece depender exclusivamente de sua açao antihipertensiva ou de alteraçoes na hemodinâmica renal.